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Bruce Everiss, Kwalee cartoons

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Bruce Everiss cartoon carrying Sinclair Spectrum


Bruce Everiss cartoon using megaphone

The first cartoon is by Jay Lytwynenko and you can read all about it in this article. You can see that I am wearing a winter roll neck from Lands End and a PHD down gilet. And I am carrying a Sinclair Spectrum.

The second cartoon, as you can see, was created as a graphic to designate the press release section of the website and is the work of Alexei Lundgård. He added the megaphone and Kwalee logo.

Neither artist is the respecter of age as they have both given me hair far greyer than the reality!

Bruce Everiss on Quora

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Bruce Everiss on River Nile

Quora is immensely useful so I tend to just try and be helpful and to give straight answers whenever I think I have something to contribute. However one day there was a question that just brought out my sense of mischief and thankfully my answer was well received, which showed good grace by all. Here it is:

What things should Americans refrain from doing when visiting England, to avoid being seen as jerks?



 We generally tolerate all foreigners as any visit to London will show, we especially like Americans and have a special relationship with our former colony.

Here are the main pointers.
  1. Turn your volume control right down. We Brits don't talk to the whole room.
  2. Don't say that anything in America is better. You are mistaken even thinking that this is possible.
  3. Don't flash your money round or be ostentatious. This causes offence.
  4. Do not boast about your car/house/job/salary/spouse etc. They are in America and so don't count. Such boasting makes Brits cringe.
  5. Remember that there are substantial differences between the American and English languages. A fag is a cigarette, an elevator is a kind of shoe, an elephant has a trunk etc etc
  6. Don't patronise in any way. Americans do this a lot and it is not what Dale Carnegie would have advised.
  7. Be very tolerant about race, we Brits have a relatively happy muticultural society. Curry is our national dish. You will enjoy Britain a lot more if you learn to enjoy the various cultures here. Eat in Brick Lane and Chinatown.
  8. Avoid soccer as a subject. It is deeply technical and tribal. If you haven't been born into it you will never understand.
  9. Dress like a Brit so as not to stand out. Scruffy works best. The Ivy League preppie look will just get you laughed at (behind your back). Dressing down is a sign of wealth and sophistication. Dressing up is seen as nouveau riche and ignorant.
  10. Don't ask people personal questions. What in America is regarded as public information is treated by Brits as state secrets.
  11. Remember that we are a very tolerant, socially liberal society that has largely given up on religion. Even our supposedly right wing Conservative party is well to the left of the American Democrats. Sunday is just another day.
  12. Read The Guardian newspaper whilst you are here. It is the only one left with any intellectual credentials.

Bruce Everiss my Surname

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Bruce Everiss


I first published this on Google Knol and then rescued it onto Tumblr. It is fairly apt content for here:

The surname Everiss. There aren't many of us in the world.
Origins of the name Everiss

The ancient Gallic word for Yew tree was Ebura.
A river in northern France was given this name because it had lots of these trees near it. Today this is the River Eure.
The tribe who lived near the Ebura took their name from it. They were the Eburovices.
They were mentioned by Julius Caesar.
And their capital was Evreux.


During the Norman conquest of England in 1066 many people from Evreux came here and adopted surnames that said where they had come from. One of these names was Deveraux. Literally from Evreux.
Then in the early 1700s a Deveraux living in Gloucestershire anglicised his name to Everiss. From him have decended the few hundred Everisses now in the world.

Quite a few other surnames in England have the same “from Evreux” derivation. Everist, Everix, Evreux, Deveraux, Devereu, Deverose, Deverick.

UK distribution of the Everiss family:


In 1998

And in 1881

Old census information:

Going back as far as 1732.
There weren’t many of us around!



Worldwide distribution of the Everiss family:

Put Everiss into search and this map will show were we are in the world.

Which is mostly UK and New Zealand, with a few in USA and (presumably) some who (like my parents) have retired to Spain.

How the Everiss family arrived in the British Midlands:



Edward EVERISS married Jane CLIFT on 9 Oct 1809 at St Mary, Cheltenham, GLS.
Edward EVERISS died c1848.

Their known issue:

Mary Ann EVERISS born c1815 was christened 6 Dec 1815 at St Mary, Cheltenham. She married John CHARLEY on 26 Dec 1836 at St Mary, Cheltenham.

Henry EVERISS born c1816 in Cheltenham. He married Elizabeth HUMPHRIS on 2 Feb 1835 at St Mary, Cheltenham.

Both families moved to West Bromwich, STS shortly after their marriages.


How the Everiss family arrived in New Zealand:

Zealandia


On the Zealandia
Captain: 1116 Ton
Captain: White
Sailed London 8th September 1871 - arrived Lyttelton 9th December 1871

Amongst the single men on board: Everiss, George, 29 Glostershire Schoolmaster on Board.

With this note: Carlina and Annie SHREMPF travelled with their school-teacher uncle, George EVERISS, leaving their mother Ann in England. Carlina and Annie were born in America; their father Carl SCHREMPF (known as Charles SHREMPF) ran a musical store in Toledo but had died in West Virginia during the civil war. After his death, their mother Ann had returned to her family in Gloucestershire and married again, to Thomas DRAKE. In 1874, mother Ann, again widowed, came to New Zealand on the ‘Ocean Mail’ with son John and three other EVERISS brothers: Ezra, George, Ethan and Andrew. Carlina married Thomas GIFFORD, farmer in Rongotea in the Manawatu. Annie married Henry Waring SAXTON, civil engineer in New Plymouth



Carlisle Everiss (from the New Zealand branch of the family) is a war hero with his own statue in Scotland.

Fred Everiss


Fred Everiss


Here he is on Wikipedia.

Fred Everiss (born 1882 in West Bromwich) was secretary-manager of the English football club West Bromwich Albion and also served the club as assistant secretary and later as a director.

Everiss joined Albion’s office staff in 1896. He was appointed secretary-manager in 1902, a post he would hold until 1948. His 46 years in the job technically make him English football’s longest serving manager of all time, although much of his combined role was administrative, and the job of picking the team was left to the directors. Indeed Albion did not create the full-time post of ‘manager’ until Everiss retired from his position, becoming a director until 1951.

Everiss’ son Alan joined the Albion staff in 1933. He was associated with the club for 66 years, serving as clerk, assistant-secretary, secretary, director and life member. Alan died in 1999.

Bruce Everiss whinge #1. 15 reasons HS2 is silly.

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Britain is a relatively small and highly populated island with a high level of economic activity. So it need a fit for purpose transport infrastructure, something that is largely provided by the state with the road system. Under the last, Labour, government there was a very low level of investment in this UK infrastructure, which has created many problems. So we need to catch up with a high level of investment. The HS2 high speed rail system forms part of this spend.

These 225mph trains would run initially to Birmingham, where the line splits in two with an East coast spur to Leeds and Newcastle and a West coast spur to Manchester and Scotland. It is estimated to cost a massive £30 billion. And here is why it is silly:

1) The basic economic model to justify HS2 is that time spent on trains is wasted time. So if a businessman makes a journey 20 minutes faster that equates to 20 minutes less time wasted and thus 20 minutes more work done. Multiply this by the number of passengers and it is a lot. The planners who came up with this obviously don't travel on trains full of business people because if they did then they would see that the business people are all working during their journey. Laptops and tablets are everywhere. So the time isn't wasted.

2) The second rationale is that the centre (London) is too rich and that the regions are too poor. Bringing them closer together timewise is planned to even out the differences. The problem with this argument is that everywhere in the world that a high speed railway has been built the opposite happens. Wealth moves from the regions to the centre. It is easy to see why. A business is far more likely to use a London solicitor or a London accountant if these professionals become more accessible. And far more people will travel to London to shop. Apply this across all businesses and the wealth transfer to the centre becomes substantial.

3) Then there is the capacity argument. They say that rail usage has shot up in recent years and that it will continue to shoot up. But the reason usage shot up was that the railways had been nationalised for many years and so were utterly awful to use. When they were de-nationalised they steadily improved, so more people used them. However this increase in demand is not infinite and will level off. So we don't need vast extra capacity.

4) Peak hour evening West Coast line trains currently leave Euston just 50% full. The first trains after the evening price drop are very full. So the existing capacity is being misapplied because of a distorting price mechanism which is presumably regulated by Ofrail.

5) Pendelino trains that run on the current West coast line were 9 carriages long. Many have been extended to 11 carriages long. They could make them longer still but would need to construct longer platforms. This would give extra capacity for a very low cost. Also a high percentage of carriages are given over to first class and mainly just ship air round the country, so lightly are they occupied.

6) The railway system in Britain is massively subsidised by the taxpayer. Yet its competitor, the car, is massively taxed. So there is something fundamentally wrong with the rail business model that it is not financially self supporting.

7) Pendelino train carriages are badly designed so have a very low passenger density. Part of this comes from the tilting mechanism robbing a lot of the internal volume. Part comes from the immense toilets taking away valuable seat rows. So extra capacity is available by using better designed trains.

8) HS2 runs mostly on a new, straight, route across the countryside. So building it will have an immense environmental impact. Huge drainage schemes will be required and building tunnels, cuttings and embankments in a great swathe means that the length of the country will be a mammoth building site.

9) Once the line is in operation it will create a wide corridor of very high levels of noise pollution. Something the size of a train traveling at 225mph violently rips a big hole in the air that is an order of magnitude louder than Pendolinos.

10) The government say this will cost £30 billion. But it won't. Government is bad at running anything and especially bad at running big projects. The London Olympics were originally budgeted to cost £2.4 billion. They ended up costing at least £9.3 billion, a fourfold increase. The Typhoon fighter project for the RAF was originally budgeted to cost £7 billion, the latest figure is £37 billion and that is for less aircraft.A fivefold increase in cost. So you can bank on HS2 costing at least double what they say, which for every person in the UK is an average of about £1,000. Or about £2,000 per member of the workforce.

11) HS2 is highly redistributive of wealthy from the poor to the rich. Whilst a rich couple in Birmingham will be able to pop down to London for an expensive meal and the theater they will be massively subsidised. By factory workers in Newcastle, by farm workers in Devon and by anyone else not using the service.

12) If better railways really are a good idea then much more can be achieved for far more people far more cheaply in far less time and with vastly less environmental impact by electrifying the East Coast line and the Chiltern line.

13) Once HS2 is operational the West Coast express trains on the existing lines will be replaced by slow, stopping trains. This will wipe out a huge part of the transport infrastructure for a lot of towns. Places like Rugby and Coventry will be very badly hit because they will no longer be a viable London commute. Many other towns will have the hearts ripped out of them.

14) HS2 is Britain's second high speed line. The first, HS1, runs to the channel tunnel. And passenger loads on this line are running at 30% less that the projections that were used to justify the line. In other words would it have even been viable to finance had they known how many passengers they would really have?

15) After the Labour underinvestment there are huge deficiencies in our transport infrastructure. The biggest is the lack of a high capacity hub airport in the South East. This is costing the UK economy very many billions of pounds every year. People are taking their business to other countries that do have this facility. We desperately need a 6 runway airport to be built in the Thames estuary. This would be cheaper than HS2 and a vastly better investment into the future of this country.

One final point. The argument against HS2 is not helped by rich NIMBYs driving round with "Stop HS2" stickers on the back of their Range Rovers. Fifty plus years of Labour politics of envy and BBC social conditioning mean we have here the highest levels of schadenfreude in Europe.


Bruce Everiss and Artforums.co.uk

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Amongst my family there is a lot of art. My father's father was a professional artist and I have some of his pictures. An aunty was a dress designer and another was an art lecturer. And one of my sisters set up a business designing and making soft toys which was called Graemsay Crafts. In the family homes walls are cluttered with pictures.

So when my computer fairs business was winding down I tried my hand at running a few art fairs. These didn't work either, so after running a few I gave up. However to help market the art fairs in 2006 I set up an online discussion forum and called it Artforums.co.uk. A catchy name that does what it says on the tin. After the art fairs' demise I kept the forum going even though it costs me money. There was a community there and it would have been a shame to end it.

Artforums.co.uk has been going for over 6 years now. It is not massive, with just under 3,000 members. Every so often I purge the membership of everyone with zero posts as part of the work I have to do to flush out spammers. So virtually all the membership have posted.

We say that Artforums.co.uk is an online community for practising visual artists and actively discourage anyone else from joining. A community should be precisely that. We get quite a few people who join and post asking how much a picture in their attic is worth. These people obviously haven't looked at what the community is about and they are soon shown the door.

Artforums.co.uk is very friendly and very supportive, there are no spammers, no cliques and no trolls. Also it is a very broad church in its interpretation of what art is. Any style on any medium by any skill level is more than welcome. This encompasses video game art, body art, encaustic art, even parcel tape art and chainsaw art. If someone says that it is art then it is art. The community is family friendly so we draw the line at nude photography.

There have been over 100,000 posts to the forum and they are utterly fascinating. The content is amazing to browse through and there is enough to make several books. Anyone with any real interest in art could lose themselves for hours in it.

The big problem is spammers. There are the automated spamming tools trying to sell Viagra, against which there is a technology war. When they are on top they can flood the forum with spam and it takes a lot of work to manually remove them. Then there are the idiots who are real people that join purely to advertise. They have many tricks and stratagems. They are very tiresome and, once again, they are removed.

How busy the community is varies over time. Sometime there is a trickle of daily posts and sometimes there is a real buzz going on. It is up to the members as to whether they want to contribute or not. Either way it is valuable for those taking part and for the very many more who just choose to read the contributions of others.



Bruce Everiss magazine picture, Microdigital

Bruce Everiss - My illness

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I thought I would post this as it is quite interesting how the human body works and how the NHS doesn't work.

It started in my early teens when my face went bright red during exercise. My parents took me to my GP who measured my blood pressure, listened to my pulse and said that I was OK. Lots of GPs have done the same ever since. Later in my teens I got fed up with constant chest pains so went back to my GP. This time he said it was my intercostal muscles and sent me to a physiotherapist. Who said it wasn't.

I still have the pain as I write this nearly half a century later. Sometimes it is mild, sometimes it is totally debilitating. If I exercise regularly against the pain I can get fit, then I can take part in sports. But the pain is always there. So I played club rugby, climbed mountains, SCUBA dived, played golf and much more.

One thing I noticed. Drinking coffee (caffeine is a vasoconstrictor) made the symptoms worse. Drinking alcohol (a vasodilator) reduced the symptoms. So no guessing my drink of preference!

Then in my 40s, whilst living in Scotland, the pain got really bad one night, so I went to A&E at the Borders General Hospital. They put me in intensive care for a couple of days till my vital signs stabilised, then into acute care. They did many tests, sent me home, then brought me back for more tests. They discovered that I have very low arterial blood oxygen, which explains my blue lips. Then, not being able to find the cause, they discharged me. 

One problem in all this is that I usually look fit and healthy, bursting with life, so people tend not to believe that I am ill. But the pain and the low oxygen are always there. 

Then I married a doctor and she decided that we would sort this out properly. Since when I have suffered 12 years of specialists and tests. They find the symptoms but can never find the cause. So they discharge me.

About the same time I started getting occasional far worse episodes where I became seriously breathless and my blood pressure would collapse (we had bought a machine) to 80 over 50 or less. I would recover from these over a number of hours, but they became more frequent.

Then I had two hernia operations, the second one because the NHS made a mess of the first one. Each time I had difficulty recovering immediately after the operation, my arterial oxygen staying in the 80s% for some time (it should be 95+%).

So, we were getting nowhere. Then out of the blue last year a respiratory technician called me in for tests and I passed them all with flying colors with a well above average lung capacity and function. So she brought me back for an oxygen breathing test. This revealed that I have an 11.5% arterial shunt. This means that somewhere in my body the arterial and venous blood are mixing in a substantial manner, diluting the arterial blood and reducing the oxygen in it. This could be in my heart, my liver, my legs. Anywhere with a very big blood flow. So at last, after nearly half a century, I had a bit more information about my symptoms. But still the NHS showed no interest whatsoever in trying to find the cause.

Just over 18 months ago my episodes of debilitation ran into one another, with the occasional respite and they got progressively worse. I told my GP. I demanded to see a respiratory consultant. Who I saw twice, telling him my symptoms and that the debility was rapidly getting worse. Both times he did nothing.

Then I saw another specialist privately about my knee pain. He gave me a very thorough medical. He said the arterial shunt should be investigated starting with checking for pulmonary hypertension. He said I was wasting my time with secondary care (my local hospital) and that I should go to tertiary care (national centre of excellence) and suggested the National Heart Hospital at the Royal Brompton in London. So I did, privately.

As an expert on doctors, specialists and tests I can tell you that tertiary care is a different world. The tests are done to a much higher standard and have found out things about my heart that secondary care missed. However we still haven't found the shunt. This is still ongoing.

The debility got so bad that I could often hardly walk. Then one night I could not sleep through pain in my side and breathlessness (my wife was away on business). The next night was worse. At rest I was breathing as hard as I could and was only just holding off unconsciousness. Complete pulmonary collapse was near. I rang 111 and they told me to take the morphine I have for my bad back. This advice could very easily have killed me by suppressing my breathing centre. Never use 111. In the morning I rang my GP and she said ring 999. I went into A&E on oxygen and under a blue light. My vital signs (whilst on oxygen!) were a blood pressure of 80ish over 50ish and arterial oxygen in the 80s.

In A&E they did a chest X Ray, the registrar said I had fluid on my lungs and they would stick ultrasound guided needles into them through my back to take samples. Before I could enjoy this undoubted pleasure I had a visit from a consultant who said that this was utter rubbish and that I had bilateral pneumonia. She put me on large intravenous doses of two antibiotics. 

Two days in I was still on oxygen and still breathing like a train so they did a CT scan of my lungs. This revealed that I had lots of blood clots trapped in my blood vessels in all three of my right lobes and one of my two left lobes. This is called pulmonary embolisms and can be caused by many different things, such as deep vein thrombosis or cancer, creating clots which travel in the blood till the lungs trap them. This prevents oxygenated blood from getting from the lungs to the rest of the body. The hospital put me on two different anti coagulants.

So no wonder I came so close to death. An arterial shunt plus bilateral pneumonia plus pulmonary embolisms. There wasn't much lung left working. What was especially annoying is that I has seen the pulmonary consultant twice in the previous six months or so. I has told him my symptoms and that they were getting worse. He did nothing and I ended up with a near death experience and arriving under a blue light.

I was on oxygen for ten days. They discharged me to home nursing. Now I have to go back regularly for blood tests for the warfarin anti coagulant. Before I left hospital the consultant said that they didn't intend to do any more tests. They were quite happy for me to have a shunt and embolisms and were not bothered trying to look for the cause. Despite the fact that a big shower of embolisms could very easily kill me at any time. I have had a number of relapses since I was discharged but am very reluctant to go to hospital when this happens, for obvious reasons. When it is bad I have to stop to get my breath back twice just going up a single short flight of stairs at home.

My wife "had words" with the consultant and he agreed to very limited further action. A halter heart monitor test and a repeat of the oxygen shunt test.

So somewhere in my body there is a vascular fault diluting my blood, also something is pumping blood clots into my blood. Possibly the same thing. It is utterly beyond the capability of the NHS to find out where these are. They are quite happy just to treat symptoms. In the meantime I have to lead an often severely debilitated existence in permanent pain. But I can still usually get to the pub and appear normal and healthy!

My feeling is that the medical profession and the NHS have failed me repeatedly over many years. Also I cannot help but think that the American medical system would have found the cause of my symptoms a very long time ago, and probably fixed them.

How to protect your PC and be safe

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When you buy a new PC it is loaded down with un-necessary commercial software such as anti virus packages. This is because the PC manufacturer has been paid to put them there and is probably making more profit from them than from building the PC. They are best removed.

As you use a PC all the software you use, including your operating system, web browser and search engine, writes stuff to all sorts of different places on your system, without asking you. Commercial websites and online marketeers put their own stuff on your machine, mainly to spy on you. All this rubbish slows your machine down till eventually it becomes like stirring porridge. You need to take action to fix this.

Utterly essential is to install CCleaner (all you need is the free version) and to update it regularly. Run the Windows, Applications and Registry cleaners regularly and you will be shocked how much rubbish they clean out. And you will be very pleased at how much better your computer runs.

You need anti virus software, there are a lot of malicious and stupid people out there. Do not spend a penny of your money on this. If your computer has paid for anti virus software remove it. The people who understand PCs best are Microsoft and their fantastic anti virus package, Security Essentials, is totally free. Set it to give you real time protection, to update daily and to do a full scan of your system daily. Now you are fairly bullet proof.

Not many people know this but Microsoft have an even more powerful tool to check and clean a PC, called Safety Scanner, which gives your machine a massive health check. Very useful on a machine that has been used for a while.

Windows is also fitted with a firewall to protect your machine from attack. You should know where this is and what the settings are. This is a basic necessity of life yet many are unaware of it.

After this you still aren't totally safe!! There are two more packages that are essential and complimentary to one another.

Malwarebytes Anti Malware removes all sorts of malicious software from your machine. Always update it before using it. Check your computer about once a month. You will be shocked at how much stuff has been put on your machine by third parties without your permission. Once again the free version is all you need.

Spybot Search and Destroy is fantastic. Run it after all the other stuff and it still finds loads that you don't want on your machine. Once again update it before monthly use and only use the free version.

I have real world experience of using Security Essentials, Malwarebytes and Spybot Search and Destroy to get rid of very nasty infections and they did it. Also millions of computers are zombies, used by criminals without their owners realising it. It is inevitable that many people reading this will have zombie machines. Install and apply all the above and most zombies will be removed.

If your computer has been in use a while a good way to speed it up is to defragment the hard drive. Go start menu > all programs > accessories > system tools > disk defragmenter. This reorganises all your data in a more coherent form so it loads more quickly.

Next we come to the software you use every day. Much of this is very insecure and can be easily hacked. By government security agencies and by malicious criminals and recreational hackers. White Hat Aviator is designed purely for maximum security and is the perfect browser when you are dealing with anything confidential, like online banking or shopping.

Disconnect Search also is a lot more secure and Aviator uses it by default. Look at the settings so you know how to delete stuff like browsing history. With this browser and search engine together your web presence become near to invisible and only the minimum record will exist of your passing.

Finally beware your webcam. For a long time NSA and GCHQ have been able to watch you any time they want, even if the software is turned off. They do the same with the cameras in your phone and tablets. Now hackers can do the same. Your webcam is a window on your home for the whole world to look at you through, without you ever being aware. So point it at the ceiling or cover it with insulating tape!

Everything above is very easy to do, even for the non computer expert. There is more if you want to be more anonymous and have more computer skills. Tor, for instance and Proxy Servers. But this really is an arms race against NSA and GCHQ, who have more resources. Against malicous and hobbyist hackers it is far easier to stay ahead.

Finally all the "free" software above contains huge amounts of human labour. They all have donate buttons and they are all excellent causes, it does a lot of good if you occasionally contribute to the people who work so hard for you.









Warm clothing for the winter

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We are heading for colder weather and I am continually amazed how little people know about warm clothing. Some seem to think that the heavier the better, yet the best expedition clothing, worn to the coldest places on earth weighs surprisingly little.

Let's start with an executive summary. Good quality down is about twice as warm as the best synthetic insulation, which is about twice as warm as a good fleece, which is about twice as warm as wool. All approximate and all weight for weight.

Insulation comes from trapping small pockets of air. Evolution has developed goose down (which is different to feathers) to be the very best, this is because geese live in very cold conditions, but their insulation needs to be light weight so that they can still fly.

Despite using down in duvets for centuries it was not until 1940 that Eddie Bauer patented the down jacket, that is now standard wear in most of the world's cold regions.

But not all down is equal. How good it is can be measured by fillpower. This is a number. USA and European fillpower numbers are measured differently, as a result for any given number the European measure is warmer. USA 600 fillpower is where down starts to be good. Only the very best elite garments in the world make it up to 900 fillpower and only one manufacturer (that I know of) has made it up to 1,000 European, which will be about twice as warm for its weight as the USA 600. If a down garment does not tell you what fillpower it is using just don't buy it, they are hiding how bad they are.

Down is very durable, it lasts for ever. But it has an immense problem, it reacts very badly to being wet. Basically it forms clumps and provides no insulation. It is incredibly difficult to dry out and unless you follow special procedures the clumps remain. Many times I have seen people wearing down jackets in the rain that have gone totally flat, doing more harm than good. You can buy down jackets made of waterproof material or wear them under a waterproof. This fails when your own condensation soaks the jacket. So down is really only practical when worn in sub zero conditions.

The USA military have to be prepared to deploy large numbers of people to live and fight outdoors in the world's worst weather, so insulation is important to them. But the shortcomings of down make it largely impractical. In typical American fashion they threw money at the problem, in scientific research. This resulted in Primaloft, which still provides good insulation when wet and which dries out very quickly. However it has a problem in losing its loft, and therefore its insulation, over time. A regularly worn 2 year old jacket will be noticeably less warm than a new one. Never put Primaloft clothing in stuff sacs. Now there have been developed many competitors to Primaloft but it is well worth researching what you are buying as some synthetic insulation is pretty useless.

Both down and synthetic insulation have to be built into a series of pockets in order to make a garment. Sew through quilting is the lightest and cheapest way to do this. Box quilting is more expensive but appreciably warmer as there are no cold patches. Synthetic insulation can be woven together in such a way that it requires only the minimum of quilting.

This brings us to fleece, this was pioneered by Polertec and has been much copied. There is an immense difference between cheap high street fleeces and the real thing, even within Polartec there are several products of different qualities. The main problem fleeces have is that the wind goes straight through them, so they are best worn under another layer. Fleece worn as an outer layer isn't doing much good. Some fleeces have membranes in them, so at least the inner half is working when they are worn as an outer layer. Avoid these, it is a half baked concept and you will only suffer condensation.

You can buy jackets, one piece suits, socks, gloves and hats using all the different forms of insulation. I really like gilets as they look after core temperature without impairing movement and they layer well.

So now we come to brands. The best outdoor clothing brands are not high street names. My favourite are Patgonia, Arcterix and Haglofs. For down clothing very good brands are Marmot, Rab and Mountain Equipment. You can buy all of these in total confidence. However if you want the very best warmth to weight ratio then you can only go to PHD (Peter Hutchinson Designs), as used in countless expeditions to the world's most hostile places. Hand made to measure yet surprisingly affordable, because there is no middleman, you buy direct. Their huge range includes garments that are comfortable for sustained use down to -55C. And if you want to go colder than that you can just add an extra layer!





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